In the latter half of the 18th century the English novel after Fielding suffered a serious set back owing to various reasons. However, during this period there flourished a peculiar school of novelists variously called ‘Gothic’, ‘terror’ of ‘horror’ novelist. 

The Gothic novel or the novel of terror is the peculiar product of the later 18th century. It owes its rise and popularity to the general awakening of feeling and sensibility about the middle of the 18th century. It was a conscious protest against the rational, realistic creed of the earlier novelists. it is a new species of romantic fiction which drew its inspiration from the general revival of interest, during this period, in medieval life and art, in pseudo-Gothic castles, and artificial ruins, in ancient ballads, and in Gothic churches and cathedrals. The writers of this type of novel sought to supply the reader’s perennial craving for mystery and violent emotion with narrative remote in time and place, with ghosts, portents and satanic forces, and with descriptions of old, unhappy, far-off things, and battles long ago. 

A sombre, restless villain is the central figure. The heroine, beautiful; innocent and full of sensibility, always waits to be rescued by a chivalrous lover. The scene is invariable laid in a haunted castle or a haunted castle or a dark cloister of a ruined abbey, equipped with secret passages and private chambers. Wild and desolate Nature provides the congenial landscape, supernatural forces and incidents of physical violence and mental anguish. The thread of romantic love runs through all this melodramatic matter. 

The Gothic novel made fiction walk along the road of romance. Horace Walpole is the father of the ‘Gothic’ novel, the novel of mystery and horror. 

The Castle of Otranto is an attempt to use the middle ages as a setting, and it pretends to be a translation from an early Italian work. There is all the paraphernalia of terror and villainy in it, such as the ghost, the hunted castle, the villain etc. It started a vogue that was to be an important factor in the growth of the Romantic Movement. 

Mrs. Ann Radcliffe continued the tradition of ‘Gothic’ novel established by Walpole. She is the author of a number of terror novels. The best known of her novels, Zhe Mysteries of Udolpho is a book teeming with mysterious passages, disappearing walls, shrouded figures, unexplained groans and clanking of chains. It shows the school of terror at its most extravagant. Mrs. Radcliffe is able to make her terror seem very real and to raise intense excitement and suspense as to the future course of events. She is an adept in chilling the spine and raising the hair. She also exhibits the modern tendency in horror stories to eventually explain the apparently supernatural as being due after all, to natural phenomena. The popularity of Mrs. Radcliffe’s novels did u.uch to accelerate the onset of the Romantic Movement that was just beginning to come into its own when she wrote. 

Matthew Lewis, Miss Clara Reeve, Mrs. Marry Shelley, Charlotte Smith, Sophia Lee are some other practitioners of this form of the novel. Of course, the romantic note in the English novels was perceived first in the 18" century in the ‘terror tales’ of Walpole and Mrs. Radcliffe. In their interest in the mysterious and the unknown, in their vision of the invisible, those terror novelists certainly struck a romantic note. Walpole’s The Castle of Otranto, Mrs. Charlotte Smith’s The Old Manor House, Clara Reeve’s Old English Baron and Mrs. Radcliffe’s Mysteries of Rodolfo and The Italian Night might be well taken as the first remarkable specimen’s of romantic novels. These novels are found to bear romantic note in their setting as well as mysticism. The tales are simple, laid in the bosom of wild nature, and full of passion, thrill and excitement. They are generally characterized as Gothic romances. 

What are the main features of Gothic novel ?

Green Land | January 11, 2024 | 0 comments

In the latter half of the 18th century the English novel after Fielding suffered a serious set back owing to various reasons. However, during this period there flourished a peculiar school of novelists variously called ‘Gothic’, ‘terror’ of ‘horror’ novelist. 

The Gothic novel or the novel of terror is the peculiar product of the later 18th century. It owes its rise and popularity to the general awakening of feeling and sensibility about the middle of the 18th century. It was a conscious protest against the rational, realistic creed of the earlier novelists. it is a new species of romantic fiction which drew its inspiration from the general revival of interest, during this period, in medieval life and art, in pseudo-Gothic castles, and artificial ruins, in ancient ballads, and in Gothic churches and cathedrals. The writers of this type of novel sought to supply the reader’s perennial craving for mystery and violent emotion with narrative remote in time and place, with ghosts, portents and satanic forces, and with descriptions of old, unhappy, far-off things, and battles long ago. 

A sombre, restless villain is the central figure. The heroine, beautiful; innocent and full of sensibility, always waits to be rescued by a chivalrous lover. The scene is invariable laid in a haunted castle or a haunted castle or a dark cloister of a ruined abbey, equipped with secret passages and private chambers. Wild and desolate Nature provides the congenial landscape, supernatural forces and incidents of physical violence and mental anguish. The thread of romantic love runs through all this melodramatic matter. 

The Gothic novel made fiction walk along the road of romance. Horace Walpole is the father of the ‘Gothic’ novel, the novel of mystery and horror. 

The Castle of Otranto is an attempt to use the middle ages as a setting, and it pretends to be a translation from an early Italian work. There is all the paraphernalia of terror and villainy in it, such as the ghost, the hunted castle, the villain etc. It started a vogue that was to be an important factor in the growth of the Romantic Movement. 

Mrs. Ann Radcliffe continued the tradition of ‘Gothic’ novel established by Walpole. She is the author of a number of terror novels. The best known of her novels, Zhe Mysteries of Udolpho is a book teeming with mysterious passages, disappearing walls, shrouded figures, unexplained groans and clanking of chains. It shows the school of terror at its most extravagant. Mrs. Radcliffe is able to make her terror seem very real and to raise intense excitement and suspense as to the future course of events. She is an adept in chilling the spine and raising the hair. She also exhibits the modern tendency in horror stories to eventually explain the apparently supernatural as being due after all, to natural phenomena. The popularity of Mrs. Radcliffe’s novels did u.uch to accelerate the onset of the Romantic Movement that was just beginning to come into its own when she wrote. 

Matthew Lewis, Miss Clara Reeve, Mrs. Marry Shelley, Charlotte Smith, Sophia Lee are some other practitioners of this form of the novel. Of course, the romantic note in the English novels was perceived first in the 18" century in the ‘terror tales’ of Walpole and Mrs. Radcliffe. In their interest in the mysterious and the unknown, in their vision of the invisible, those terror novelists certainly struck a romantic note. Walpole’s The Castle of Otranto, Mrs. Charlotte Smith’s The Old Manor House, Clara Reeve’s Old English Baron and Mrs. Radcliffe’s Mysteries of Rodolfo and The Italian Night might be well taken as the first remarkable specimen’s of romantic novels. These novels are found to bear romantic note in their setting as well as mysticism. The tales are simple, laid in the bosom of wild nature, and full of passion, thrill and excitement. They are generally characterized as Gothic romances. 

Important Short Notes

Social relevance means that the teaching strategies and materials have to be socially or culturally relevant. The context of teaching is very important. Culture influences students’ learning process and need. Therefore, the materials and teaching approaches and “methods have to be socially relevant. For example, in a Bangladeshi academic classroom, it may not be useful to use reading materials on American lifestyle without giving any background information to the learners. Or, learners will not feel comfortable talking about many social issues that are offensive in poor country.

The teacher has to be aware of the social setting and the learners’ background in their classroom to design strategies and materials. Teachers can do needs analysis of the learners at the beginning of a course. This will help them understand the learners’ background and need. Second, teachers should consider what is acceptable and what is not to discuss in a culture while selecting topics. In Bangladesh, learners do not like to talk about religion or politics at some contexts, so teachers should be sensitive towards the topics. Moreover, if teachers choose any topics on other cultures, they should give ‘enough information to the learners. This will make them confident to talk about socially unfamiliar topics. In conclusion, topics Should be related to learners’ daily and practical lives. 

What is Social relevance?

Green Land | October 20, 2023 | 0 comments

Social relevance means that the teaching strategies and materials have to be socially or culturally relevant. The context of teaching is very important. Culture influences students’ learning process and need. Therefore, the materials and teaching approaches and “methods have to be socially relevant. For example, in a Bangladeshi academic classroom, it may not be useful to use reading materials on American lifestyle without giving any background information to the learners. Or, learners will not feel comfortable talking about many social issues that are offensive in poor country.

The teacher has to be aware of the social setting and the learners’ background in their classroom to design strategies and materials. Teachers can do needs analysis of the learners at the beginning of a course. This will help them understand the learners’ background and need. Second, teachers should consider what is acceptable and what is not to discuss in a culture while selecting topics. In Bangladesh, learners do not like to talk about religion or politics at some contexts, so teachers should be sensitive towards the topics. Moreover, if teachers choose any topics on other cultures, they should give ‘enough information to the learners. This will make them confident to talk about socially unfamiliar topics. In conclusion, topics Should be related to learners’ daily and practical lives. 

Important Short Notes

Learner autonomy means giving learners independence to take responsibility of their own learning. Learners need to be independent in the classroom. They are the centres of attention in the learning process a in the classroom. In traditional teaching methods, the teacher takes the authority in learning, and students only follow them, However, in communicative practices, students have independence to choose their learning goals. They are guided by the teacher a to become independent so that they understand and create learning opportunities for themselves.

There are many ways in which learners can be given autonomy. Teacher a can give learners opportunities to actively participate in classroom activities, For example, learners can be asked to create small projects in groups. Then, they can present their work in front of the class. Later, they can write a reflection on their experiences. This will give them opportunities to understand their own learning style, Next, learners can be given chances to choose the topic for the claas, When they are interested in the topic, they will participate in discussion. They should be given opportunities to interact with their Classmates as much as possible, Another way of promoting learner autonomy is to engage learners in the evaluation process. Learners can self-assess a their work as well as give feedback on their peers’ work, This will make them confident and more responsible of their own learning.

What is learner autonomy?

Green Land | October 20, 2023 | 0 comments

Learner autonomy means giving learners independence to take responsibility of their own learning. Learners need to be independent in the classroom. They are the centres of attention in the learning process a in the classroom. In traditional teaching methods, the teacher takes the authority in learning, and students only follow them, However, in communicative practices, students have independence to choose their learning goals. They are guided by the teacher a to become independent so that they understand and create learning opportunities for themselves.

There are many ways in which learners can be given autonomy. Teacher a can give learners opportunities to actively participate in classroom activities, For example, learners can be asked to create small projects in groups. Then, they can present their work in front of the class. Later, they can write a reflection on their experiences. This will give them opportunities to understand their own learning style, Next, learners can be given chances to choose the topic for the claas, When they are interested in the topic, they will participate in discussion. They should be given opportunities to interact with their Classmates as much as possible, Another way of promoting learner autonomy is to engage learners in the evaluation process. Learners can self-assess a their work as well as give feedback on their peers’ work, This will make them confident and more responsible of their own learning.

Important Short Notes

Post-method pedagogy means the teaching practices that are relevant to the teaching context. This pedagogy does not follow any specific method, and aims at the best learning outcome. The objective of post-method pedagogy is to achieve optimal learning by following practical teaching strategies. For example, teachers will understand the learners’ needs and plan classroom procedure based on that. 

The following are some major characteristics of - pedagogy. 

1) Teachers are independent in planning their lessons. They use their experiences fo design and use classroom activities. In the process, they focus on the immediate context of teaching. 

ii) Classroom strategies and materials are context-specific that address learners’ needs. For this, teachers do continuous analysis of learners’ needs and learning preferences. If any materials or teaching approach do not fit any contexts, teachers modify those immediately. 

iii) Learners take part in the learning process to become active and independent learners. Teachers engage them in choosing materials as well as giving feedback to each other. Students become responsible for their own learning. 

"The above characteristics are flexible. They could be modified based on the contextual needs. 

What is post method pedagogy?

Green Land | October 20, 2023 | 0 comments

Post-method pedagogy means the teaching practices that are relevant to the teaching context. This pedagogy does not follow any specific method, and aims at the best learning outcome. The objective of post-method pedagogy is to achieve optimal learning by following practical teaching strategies. For example, teachers will understand the learners’ needs and plan classroom procedure based on that. 

The following are some major characteristics of - pedagogy. 

1) Teachers are independent in planning their lessons. They use their experiences fo design and use classroom activities. In the process, they focus on the immediate context of teaching. 

ii) Classroom strategies and materials are context-specific that address learners’ needs. For this, teachers do continuous analysis of learners’ needs and learning preferences. If any materials or teaching approach do not fit any contexts, teachers modify those immediately. 

iii) Learners take part in the learning process to become active and independent learners. Teachers engage them in choosing materials as well as giving feedback to each other. Students become responsible for their own learning. 

"The above characteristics are flexible. They could be modified based on the contextual needs. 

Important Short Notes

“Double-consciousness” is a term which belongs to the science of psychology. The term was, of course, coined by Du Bois. It refers to his famous theory of African-American “double consciousness”. It originally referred to the psychological endeavour of reconciling an African heritage with a European upbringing and education. Du Bois, while speaking of double-consciousness in the’ context of race-relations in America, asserted that it has become difficult for the black Americans to identify their black identify with their American identify. It is because they have lived in a society that  has repressed and devalued them for several centuries. 

The poem “I, Too, Sing America” seems to have been written from the perspective of an African-American. The speaker is a domestic ‘servant at the house of a White American. From the statement of the black servant, the speaker, it.is clear that he asserts his position from a sense of the double-consciousness. One consciousness is that he is a black man, with African heritage. Another consciousness is that he is an American, having as much love for the country as any other American, especially a white American. But he feels a big gap between his two consciousnesses; he is not treated as equal with a white American, but he has the consciousness that he is an American. He wants to cover this gap between his two consciousnesses. And that is a challenge for him. " However, he is optimistic about meeting this challenge successfully. 

First of all he states his condition as a black American. He is a servant at a whitman’s house. He is faced with a glaring discrimination. He is sent to kitchen for having his meal there, when guests come to visit his master. Then he goes on to take up the measure to conquer it. He takes this situation with a good humour, and sardonically laughs at his master. He takes this as an opportunity to prepare himself for a future contest with the white Americans. He eats well, and grows strong. He does this from a consciousness that he is a black American, and he is treated with injustice, and has to conquer this situation. From the one consciousness he plans to go over to the realisation of another consciousness that he is an America. . 

In this struggle to achieve equality, and thereby to fill the gap between his two consciousnesses, he feels quite hopeful. He hopes that in future he will become so worthy as to sit at the table with the white people. Then nobody will be able to tell him to go to kitchen for his meal. He will become perfectly equal with his white brother, so much so that the whites will be ashamed for their past behaviour. Thus, double-consciousness perceived to be a potent factor in the poem “I,Too, Sing America”. And the gap between these two consciousnesses is well-filled by the superb art of the poet.

What is double consciousness?

Green Land | October 15, 2023 | 0 comments

“Double-consciousness” is a term which belongs to the science of psychology. The term was, of course, coined by Du Bois. It refers to his famous theory of African-American “double consciousness”. It originally referred to the psychological endeavour of reconciling an African heritage with a European upbringing and education. Du Bois, while speaking of double-consciousness in the’ context of race-relations in America, asserted that it has become difficult for the black Americans to identify their black identify with their American identify. It is because they have lived in a society that  has repressed and devalued them for several centuries. 

The poem “I, Too, Sing America” seems to have been written from the perspective of an African-American. The speaker is a domestic ‘servant at the house of a White American. From the statement of the black servant, the speaker, it.is clear that he asserts his position from a sense of the double-consciousness. One consciousness is that he is a black man, with African heritage. Another consciousness is that he is an American, having as much love for the country as any other American, especially a white American. But he feels a big gap between his two consciousnesses; he is not treated as equal with a white American, but he has the consciousness that he is an American. He wants to cover this gap between his two consciousnesses. And that is a challenge for him. " However, he is optimistic about meeting this challenge successfully. 

First of all he states his condition as a black American. He is a servant at a whitman’s house. He is faced with a glaring discrimination. He is sent to kitchen for having his meal there, when guests come to visit his master. Then he goes on to take up the measure to conquer it. He takes this situation with a good humour, and sardonically laughs at his master. He takes this as an opportunity to prepare himself for a future contest with the white Americans. He eats well, and grows strong. He does this from a consciousness that he is a black American, and he is treated with injustice, and has to conquer this situation. From the one consciousness he plans to go over to the realisation of another consciousness that he is an America. . 

In this struggle to achieve equality, and thereby to fill the gap between his two consciousnesses, he feels quite hopeful. He hopes that in future he will become so worthy as to sit at the table with the white people. Then nobody will be able to tell him to go to kitchen for his meal. He will become perfectly equal with his white brother, so much so that the whites will be ashamed for their past behaviour. Thus, double-consciousness perceived to be a potent factor in the poem “I,Too, Sing America”. And the gap between these two consciousnesses is well-filled by the superb art of the poet.

Important Short Notes

An epiphany is a sudden realization about the nature or meaning of something. An epiphany can often come about due to some experience that may trigger the sudden realization. In Stephen Hero (1904), Irish author James Joyce used the term epiphany to describe the moment when the “soul of the commonest object, seems to us radiant. The object achieves it epiphany.” 

The novelist Joseph Conrad described epiphany as “one of those rare moments of awakening” in which “everything [occurs] in a flash.” The epiphany of “Araby” comes at the conclusion of the story. As the boy “lingered before her stall, though I knew my stay was useless”, he realizes that his idealization of Mangan’s sister has been a senseless imagining to take him away from the “brown imperturbable faces” of his life: “Gazing up into the darkness I saw myself as a creature driven and derided by vanity; and my eyes burned with anguish and anger.” 

What is the epiphany of meaning?

Green Land | September 22, 2023 | 0 comments

An epiphany is a sudden realization about the nature or meaning of something. An epiphany can often come about due to some experience that may trigger the sudden realization. In Stephen Hero (1904), Irish author James Joyce used the term epiphany to describe the moment when the “soul of the commonest object, seems to us radiant. The object achieves it epiphany.” 

The novelist Joseph Conrad described epiphany as “one of those rare moments of awakening” in which “everything [occurs] in a flash.” The epiphany of “Araby” comes at the conclusion of the story. As the boy “lingered before her stall, though I knew my stay was useless”, he realizes that his idealization of Mangan’s sister has been a senseless imagining to take him away from the “brown imperturbable faces” of his life: “Gazing up into the darkness I saw myself as a creature driven and derided by vanity; and my eyes burned with anguish and anger.” 

Important Short Notes

Patriotism means love of one’s country. Patriotism is a commendable virtue. There is hardly anyone who does not love his country. The patriots sometimes sacrifice their lives for the good of their respective countries. This spirit of sacrifice has made patriotism a highly noble quality. There is the spirit of sacrifice in patriotism. We have some duty towards the country in which we are born and live. If a person does not love his country he will die “Unwept, unhonoured and unsung.” 

A man can be a patriot by maintaining a proper image of his country before the eyes of foreigners. He will never do anything to lower his country in the eyes of others. He will never criticise his government before foreigners. He will try to project the best image of his country when he comes into contact with people of other lands. 

Patriotism is different from nationalism. A patriot may be a nationalist. According to Rabindranath Tagore, himself a great patriot, patriotism is more important than nationalism. A patriot loves his own country, but he does not hate the people of other countries, A nationalist, on the other hand, might consider his own nation important and hate the people of other countries. A patriot is international in his outlook. He is broad-minded, tolerant and humanitarian. He considers himself to be a citizen of the world. A nationalist, on the other hand, may be narrow-minded. He may think in terms of his own country and hate all those who are not his countrymen. So patriotism is preferable to nationalism. 

A patriot is a person who loves his country country. Rabindranath Tagore is a patriot. He wrote his “Letter” to Lord Chelmsford rejecting Knighthood as a reaction against the mass killing in Jalianwallahbag of Amritsar by the British rulers. The massacre took place on 13 April 1919. Rabindranath Tagore’s reaction to the event was fierce. The British Indian soldiers opened fire on a peaceful gathering of the Indians at Jalianwallahbag, Amritsar of Punjab. They killed almost 400 Indians on the spot and left many others severely injured with after effects for the rest of their lives. The reactions from the common Indians were very fierce. 

They vehemently protested the brutal killing by the rulers. Tagore was shocked at the brutality of the British rulers. He wrote, “the very least I can do for my country is to take all consequences upon myself in giving voice to the protest of millions of my countrymen, surprised into a dumb anguish of terror.” The sufferings and humiliation undergone by the Indians have made the holding of the “badges of honour” a farce, a glaring shame. So, Tagore wrote, “I for my part wish to stand, shorn of all special distinctions, by the side of those of my countrymen, who, for their so-called insignificance, are liable to suffer a degradation not fit for human beings.” Thus, Tagore set up an example of bold patriotism by renouncing the title of the knighthood conferred on him by the British Crown.

What do you know by Patriotism?

Green Land | September 17, 2023 | 0 comments

Patriotism means love of one’s country. Patriotism is a commendable virtue. There is hardly anyone who does not love his country. The patriots sometimes sacrifice their lives for the good of their respective countries. This spirit of sacrifice has made patriotism a highly noble quality. There is the spirit of sacrifice in patriotism. We have some duty towards the country in which we are born and live. If a person does not love his country he will die “Unwept, unhonoured and unsung.” 

A man can be a patriot by maintaining a proper image of his country before the eyes of foreigners. He will never do anything to lower his country in the eyes of others. He will never criticise his government before foreigners. He will try to project the best image of his country when he comes into contact with people of other lands. 

Patriotism is different from nationalism. A patriot may be a nationalist. According to Rabindranath Tagore, himself a great patriot, patriotism is more important than nationalism. A patriot loves his own country, but he does not hate the people of other countries, A nationalist, on the other hand, might consider his own nation important and hate the people of other countries. A patriot is international in his outlook. He is broad-minded, tolerant and humanitarian. He considers himself to be a citizen of the world. A nationalist, on the other hand, may be narrow-minded. He may think in terms of his own country and hate all those who are not his countrymen. So patriotism is preferable to nationalism. 

A patriot is a person who loves his country country. Rabindranath Tagore is a patriot. He wrote his “Letter” to Lord Chelmsford rejecting Knighthood as a reaction against the mass killing in Jalianwallahbag of Amritsar by the British rulers. The massacre took place on 13 April 1919. Rabindranath Tagore’s reaction to the event was fierce. The British Indian soldiers opened fire on a peaceful gathering of the Indians at Jalianwallahbag, Amritsar of Punjab. They killed almost 400 Indians on the spot and left many others severely injured with after effects for the rest of their lives. The reactions from the common Indians were very fierce. 

They vehemently protested the brutal killing by the rulers. Tagore was shocked at the brutality of the British rulers. He wrote, “the very least I can do for my country is to take all consequences upon myself in giving voice to the protest of millions of my countrymen, surprised into a dumb anguish of terror.” The sufferings and humiliation undergone by the Indians have made the holding of the “badges of honour” a farce, a glaring shame. So, Tagore wrote, “I for my part wish to stand, shorn of all special distinctions, by the side of those of my countrymen, who, for their so-called insignificance, are liable to suffer a degradation not fit for human beings.” Thus, Tagore set up an example of bold patriotism by renouncing the title of the knighthood conferred on him by the British Crown.

Important Short Notes

An aphorism is a short, pithy and a concise statement of a principle and truth while an epigram is a terse, sage, or witty often a paradoxical saying. An epigrammatic style refers to the use of epigram in a piece of writing. An epigram is a concise, clever, often paradoxical statement or line of verse. It is a short, witty statement which is graceful in style. An epigram usually ends with a surprising or witty turn of thought. Coleridge defines epigram as an epigram in itself: “Its body brevity, and wit its soul.” The epigram can be expressed in various ways such as in the epigrammatic style marked by point and brevity, emphatic assertion, indirect or concealed statement, punning, paradox etc. 

An aphorism is a short, pithy and a concise statement of a principle and truth while an epigram is a terse, sage, or witty often a paradoxical saying. Bacon’s style is marked by its terseness and brevity. The terseness is often achieved by leaving out superfluous epithets, conjunctions and connectives. Every sentence in his essays is pregnant with meaning and can be expanded into several sentences. His utterances are thoughtful, insightful, lively, witty and meaningful to the core. His essay Of Studies abounds with epigrammatic sentences. Some of the famous epigrammatic sentences are quoted below: 

“Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.” 

“Crafty men condemn studies; simple men admire them; and wise men use them.” 

“Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.” 

“Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.” 

What is epigrammatic style?

Green Land | September 16, 2023 | 0 comments

An aphorism is a short, pithy and a concise statement of a principle and truth while an epigram is a terse, sage, or witty often a paradoxical saying. An epigrammatic style refers to the use of epigram in a piece of writing. An epigram is a concise, clever, often paradoxical statement or line of verse. It is a short, witty statement which is graceful in style. An epigram usually ends with a surprising or witty turn of thought. Coleridge defines epigram as an epigram in itself: “Its body brevity, and wit its soul.” The epigram can be expressed in various ways such as in the epigrammatic style marked by point and brevity, emphatic assertion, indirect or concealed statement, punning, paradox etc. 

An aphorism is a short, pithy and a concise statement of a principle and truth while an epigram is a terse, sage, or witty often a paradoxical saying. Bacon’s style is marked by its terseness and brevity. The terseness is often achieved by leaving out superfluous epithets, conjunctions and connectives. Every sentence in his essays is pregnant with meaning and can be expanded into several sentences. His utterances are thoughtful, insightful, lively, witty and meaningful to the core. His essay Of Studies abounds with epigrammatic sentences. Some of the famous epigrammatic sentences are quoted below: 

“Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.” 

“Crafty men condemn studies; simple men admire them; and wise men use them.” 

“Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.” 

“Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.” 

Important Short Notes